Countries That Wanted Independence but Were Taken Over Again
Top Image: Commemorative stamps jubilant Independence Twenty-four hours from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.
The 4th of July used to be considered an important national holiday in the Philippines. Not because it was the United States' birthday, but because it was Philippine Independence 24-hour interval in 1946. Seventy five years ago, the Philippines was recognized as an independent, sovereign country past the United States, which withdrew its authority over the archipelago as colonizer.
Pre-Independence History of the Philippines
The road to July iv, 1946 was long and tenuous. The Philippines had been a Castilian colony since 1565, and since that time numerous revolts broke out challenging Castilian dominion. These revolts were disunited, however, until the nineteenth century when nationalism brought forth a more than united anti-colonial movement. This culminated in a revolution that broke out in 1896. Afterwards much fighting, a stalemate ensued, leading to a ceasefire agreement between Filipino and Castilian leaders.
The outbreak of the Spanish-American State of war in 1898 brought Commodore George Dewey and the Us Asiatic Squadron to Manila Bay, where they defeated the Spanish Asiatic fleet. The Philippine Revolution resumed in earnest, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo who established a revolutionary government. At the height of its war machine successes against Kingdom of spain, the revolutionary government proclaimed independence on June 12, 1898. Aguinaldo became president and the Philippine Republic was formally inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, in Jan 1899.
The Spanish-American state of war was concluded by the Treaty of Paris which decreed that Spain would give up the Philippines, simply in turn the archipelago would become a colony of the Us. Filipinos had not been consulted, and as a result the state of war for independence turned against the United States.
Afterward over two years of fighting, Aguinaldo was captured and President Theodore Roosevelt declared the end of the Philippine-American War. The campaign for independence connected on the political front end, fifty-fifty equally sporadic trigger-happy resistance against American rule continued to pause out.
In August 1916, the Jones Police, more formally known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, was passed, promising independence to the Philippines once Filipinos were able to prove that they could govern themselves. No timetable was set, but in one case the United States declared war on Germany in Globe War I, Philippine political leaders offered a partitioning of Filipinos to fight on the side of the United States. Filipinos were given bully leeway in running the authorities at that fourth dimension, but once the Neat War concluded, the U.s. authorities reexamined Philippine conditions and strengthened American control of the insular regime. Filipinos sent regular independence missions to Washington to call for physical steps towards independence, which were rebuffed by the prevailing Republican administrations.
The advent of the Great Depression made Congress rethink The states-Philippine relations, and passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act in 1933, over President Herbert Hoover'south veto. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Human action (HHC) envisaged a 10 year transitory menstruum during which time the Philippines would establish a semi-autonomous government nether an elected Filipino president. The act was rejected by the Philippine Legislature subsequently that yr, after much debate and political wrangling. Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippine Senate, proceeded to Washington immediately afterward to negotiate a more advantageous police, citing amid others problems relating to the continuance of US bases in the Philippines afterwards independence, the limits of authority of the Philippine president in the transitory authorities, and the abrupt terminate of Philippine preferential merchandise relations with the The states.
1934 Philippine Independence Act
Quezon, the dominant pol in the Philippines at that time, believed he could influence the new American president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Autonomous congress to rectify his master objections in a new Philippine independence bill. Roosevelt and the congress were busy with New Bargain policies and were but willing to resuscitate the HHC with very small changes. Quezon accepted these and returned to Manila. The ensuing deed, the Tydings-McDuffie Law, was accustomed past the Philippine legislature in May 1934, thus setting the stage for Philippine independence in 1946.
Under the Tydings-McDuffie Law, the Philippines would establish a regime to be known as the Philippine Democracy, which would steer the Philippines through a 10-year transition period. Subsequently completing 10 years of nigh democratic governance, the U.s. would withdraw its sovereignty over the islands on July 4 of the succeeding twelvemonth, and would recognize the Philippines as an independent republic.
Prior to the institution of the Philippine Republic, a constitution had to be drafted. A ramble convention was thus elected, and finished its draft in February 1935. Roosevelt approved this document, which was to become the legal framework not simply of the Philippine Commonwealth, but also of the future Philippine Republic. It was canonical in a nationwide plebiscite, and national elections for the new government were held in September 1935. The Philippine Republic was formally inaugurated on November fifteen, 1935, an unprecedented earth event in which the U.s., a colonial power, was preparing to let go of its colony. The ramifications were keenly felt amidst other colonial governments and colonized people. Quezon was predictably elected as president.
The Philippine Commonwealth government had to resolve major problems during the ten-year transition period, among them national defense force, social justice, economic development, national integration, and cultural identity. During the over three decades of American colonial rule, the Philippines had become dependent on the U.s.a. economically, and had no armed forces of its own. These and major agrarian and labor problems had to exist resolved. A Philippine Army was formed, and government enterprises in business were launched.
The Philippine Republic was an untried experiment, and the Tydings-McDuffie Constabulary appointed a representative of the The states president in the class of a High Commissioner. Gone was the Governor General of earlier years. The High Commissioner would report on the progress of the Philippine experiment, and the US regime had oversight functions over legislative, executive, and judicial actions of the Commonwealth. Furthermore, the US government held on to strange affairs and currency matters. In instance the experiment failed, the transition could be scrapped and it would be dorsum to foursquare i. Neither Quezon nor Roosevelt wanted this, and then despite much power granted him, Quezon held back where he could.
Globe State of war Two and the Filipino Guerrilla Motility
Halfway through the experiment, World War II broke out in Europe. Trade was disrupted, and the reality of war reaching the Philippines loomed. The gravity of some bug delayed enforcement of various plans, and some began to ask whether ten years were plenty. Quezon, withal, attempted to advance independence at least privately, although this did not bear fruit.
The outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1937 as well brought forth the specter of war, through refugees and news of defenseless cities being bombed. Only it was the war in Europe that seemed closer: The European capitals were meliorate known to well-nigh Filipinos, and the Blitzkrieg and the Battle of Great britain became household words.
War did reach the Philippines in December 1941, although strenuous last-infinitesimal preparations were made. The US Regular army Forces in the Far East was created, placing nether one control the US Army forces in the Philippines and the mobilized Philippine Regular army forces. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was placed in command, and modern aircraft and weapons were rushed to the Philippines. It was too late.
The Japanese struck earlier the defense preparations were completed, decimating the Usa air forces and naval facilities in the first days of the war. Beach defenses were unable to hold confronting the Japanese juggernaut, but a fighting withdrawal to Bataan and Corregidor was successful and held against all odds. Realizing the hopelessness of the state of affairs, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to Australia; the Philippine Commonwealth government, which had moved to Corregidor to save Manila from bombing, was itself also removed. Quezon would establish the Commonwealth government in exile in Washington as Bataan and Corregidor were forced to give up. Roosevelt had, in the meantime, promised to redeem Philippine liberty and to pay for war amercement,
For iii years the Philippines was in the hands of the Japanese, who set upwards a military administration. Wanting to win Filipino loyalty, the Japanese declared the Philippines independent in 1943, ahead of the US promise. A authorities was prepare, but most Filipinos saw through the Japanese aims and instead supported the guerrilla resistance movement. The guerrillas remained loyal to the Philippine Commonwealth and the United States, and were a major threat to the Japanese occupation forces.
Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese
Gen. MacArthur, who had promised to return, landed in Leyte in Oct 1944, thus commencing the military campaign to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. In the ensuing struggle, Manila and about of the major Philippine cities suffered grievous harm. MacArthur declared the armed services campaign on Luzon closed on July 4, 1945, but the majority of the Japanese footing forces were withal intact in the mountains. Fighting continued in Mindanao. And Nihon had not withal surrendered.
The Philippine Commonwealth government returned with Gen. MacArthur. Quezon had died while in the United States, and Sergio Osmeña, the vice president, automatically took over. Osmeña landed with MacArthur on Leyte, and as the Battle of Manila neared its cease, restored the government to Malacañang Palace in Manila. While in Washington, the Democracy regime did all it could to hasten the return of American forces to the Philippines. Information technology also sought to ensure that war damage would be rehabilitated by the U.s. authorities. The Philippines actively participated in the early meetings that would event in the United nations.
Upon his return to Manila, Osmeña pledged a Philippine Army segmentation to participate in the assault landings on Japan. Guerrillas, at present function of the army, trained appropriately. The diminutive bombs negated the need for such action, and Japan accepted the Allied terms on August 15, 1945.
Post-state of war Rehabilitation
As the war concluded, the Philippines counted the cost. Over a one thousand thousand Filipinos had died or were killed, out of a population of 18 million. Manila and near of the major cities were in ruins. Severe inflation had gear up in as a result of the Japanese occupation, and farms were fallow; subcontract animals as well had died because of the war. Industries, transportation, and advice facilities were destroyed.
Should the original timetable for independence exist kept? The tasks facing Osmeña and the Democracy regime were daunting; none of this had been foreseen when the Tydings-McDuffie Act had become police.
Apart from the physical devastation and the loss of lives, the Philippines was divided: there had been those who had collaborated with the Japanese, while most had resisted either directly or indirectly. The country was divide on whether the collaborators were to be dealt with harshly or non. Many key authorities officials from earlier the war had—willingly or not—served in the Japanese-controlled administration.
There was an immediate need for relief. People had to be fed, clothed, and given shelter. All the basic necessities were initially provided by the U.s. Army—h2o, clothing, food, ability, communications, and jobs. Other assistance came in from the U.s.a. and the Un Relief and Rehabilitation Administration as the piers were restored, and ships arrived.
Peace and lodge problems were serious—some stemming from the pre-war social and agrestal problems, others because of loose firearms. Guerrilla units were plenty, simply not all were legitimate, and there was an upsurge of crimes. Morality was in tatters, equally people had to survive in whatsoever ways they could. Inflation was rampant, even every bit the government strove to bring prices down with newly printed currency and price controls. As well, after having been away for three years, it was a hard job to win back the people's confidence in the government.
The Philippine Congress was convened in June 1945—the first time it sat since the elections of Nov 1941. Some of its members had died during the war; others were tainted by charges of collaboration. Information technology began its work of legislating, but was hampered past the unstable postwar conditions.
Osmeña travelled to the United States three times in 1945—a final meeting with FDR in April and two meetings with President Harry S. Truman, to negotiate help and aid for the Philippines—also every bit assurances that independence would come every bit scheduled.
For a while an before independence appointment was broached, but this would have required legislation which was not a priority. There were mutterings that Philippine independence be delayed, owing to the unsettled conditions later the state of war, but this would mean political suicide to those seeking office. And then independence would take place as planned, on July 4, 1946.
The post-war Philippine Commonwealth faced astringent problems non predictable before the war. State reform, reopening of schools, reconstruction, trials of suspected collaborators with the Japanese, recognizing and compensating veterans, restarting the economic system, restoring trade, attracting investment—these and more had to be dealt with in the concluding months of the Philippine Democracy government.
The government was now more than strongly reliant on the The states, more and then than earlier the state of war. The Philippine Army was totally dependent on the Usa Army for equipment and weapons, and relief only coming from the United States. External defense force would now be too costly for the greenbacks-strapped government. Thus the presence of U.s.a. bases could exist seen as mutually benign.
The last American Loftier Commissioner was Paul V. McNutt, who had served in that position in the late 1930s. He advised Osmeña on diverse matters. Secretary of State Harold Ickes insisted that the Philippines accept a hard line on alleged collaborators—something that would be difficult to do due to the many issues involved. Ickes threatened to withhold assistance if the government did not punish those who had reneged on their oaths of loyalty to the United States.
Paul McNutt, High Commissioner to the Philippines, reads a proclamation at the ceremony. US Point Corps photograph from the collection of Dr. Ricardo T. Jose.
An ally of the Philippines in Washington was Senator Millard Tydings, co-author of the pre-war Philippine Independence Act. He sponsored a nib granting what he felt were sufficient funds for rehabilitation. On a personal visit to the Philippines, withal, he found out that earlier estimates had been underestimated, and that more funds were needed. His bill did destine a generous $620 meg—later raised to $800 million—to the Philippines.
The Rehabilitation Bill was, nonetheless, tied to a merchandise neb, authored by Representative Jasper Bong. The Bell Trade bill sought to extend the free trade relations between the United States and the Philippines for another 8 years, after which tariffs would be gradually imposed for 20 years. Bell insisted that to convince Americans to invest in the Philippines they had to be given the same rights as Filipinos. This necessitated amending the 1935 Philippine constitution, which express land ownership, access to natural resources, amongst others, to Filipino citizens and majority Filipino-endemic corporations. The parity subpoena would thus become a requisite for receiving the majority of the rehabilitation aid in the Tydings bill. The Bell Trade Bill also tied the Philippine peso to the US dollar and could not be independently revalued.
Other bug that emerged on the eve of independence. In February 1946, President Truman signed the Rescission Law, which denied most Filipino veterans of benefits due them, voiding their service in the Usa armed services.
A strong Usa military presence remained in early 1946, with the 86th Infantry Partition in full strength, prepared to protect American interests. With World War II over, many of its members felt their duty was washed and rallied to exist sent home. Just in that location was discontent brewing in the provinces, with long agrarian problems remaining unsolved. Many armed services bases were still in U.s. hands, and negotiations as to which would exist kept after Philippine independence were begun. Every bit gear up in the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the United states would maintain bases even after Philippine independence to protect American interests in the region.
Philippine Commonwealth Ballot of 1946
As the date of independence approached, a multitude of problems had to exist solved. Among the disunity, tension, and uncertainty of the immediate mail-war Philippines, there had to exist a final election for the Commonwealth. Osmeña chose to run for reelection; Manuel Roxas, ambitious contender and besides Quezon'due south own selection every bit successor, ran against him. While Roxas had participated in the defense of the Philippines, he had also served in the Japanese-sponsored government under Jose P. Laurel. To some he was tainted with collaboration and might bring other collaborators back to power. Osmeña was the guerrillas' choice, and also the peasants; Osmeña leaned left of heart. But Roxas was backed by McNutt and General MacArthur.
Roxas won the ballot of April 1946, just by but a slim margin, garnering some 54 percent of the votes cast. He took his adjuration of office on May 28, 1946, in a temporary stage congenital in front of the ruins of the Legislative Building, as the tertiary and last president of the Philippine Commonwealth.
Prior to his assumption of role, Roxas went to the United states via Tokyo, where he paid a visit to MacArthur. Roxas' Washington visit was a frenzied week-long one, coming together with President Truman and ranking American officials to discuss Philippine affairs and actualize plans for US assistance to the Philippines.
As Roxas took office, bourgeois congressmen ousted more than liberal legislators on unfounded charges. It marked a split between peasant leaders who were open to pursuing alter in the authorities and conservatives who felt threatened by them. On the eve of Philippine independence, left-leaning peasant and labor groups threatened to secede and launch a rebellion, reacting to the blatant politicization of the congress.
Philippine Independence Day 1946
This was a big international result, but the Philippines did not yet take a Section of Foreign Affairs. It had to rely on the US government for much of the preparations.
May 1946 saw the showtime of a flurry of events to plan out the terminal days of the Commonwealth and prepare for Independence Day. A joint Filipino-American committee was formed to iron out details. The Manila Hotel, which had been gutted during the Battle of Manila, was cleaned up and prepared for gala events. Invitations were issued to distinguished guests from the U.s. and diverse countries. President Truman was invited, but he declined, owing to pressure of work. Independence related contests were launched—for an appropriate poster, essay, poem, and hymn. A United states of america flag was to exist hand-sewn past by and nowadays Philippine start ladies, to be presented to President Truman. Commemorative postage stamps, medals, and other souvenirs were issued.
The venue for the independence rites was chosen and a stage shaped in the form of a ship's prow (symbolizing the ship of country) was built with towering pillars behind it. The stage and grandstand were built in front of the iconic memorial of the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, in Luneta Park. A large arch was erected near it, in front of the Manila Hotel, to welcome visitors.
Every bit the month of July 1946 began, then did the numerous events and preparations to climax in Philippine Independence on July 4. Private homes and government buildings were decorated. Bands paraded and gave concerts. The University of the Philippines' Solarium of Music held a gala concert at the Rizal Coliseum, where numerous international sports matches were held. Distinguished visitors from the U.s.a. and other countries arrived. The Us Navy's Job Force 77 anchored in Manila Bay to salute the birth of the democracy. It consisted of the flagship USS Bremerton, two aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and 7 destroyers.
Among the Very-Important-Persons who arrived in the start days of July was General MacArthur, who flew from Tokyo. Representing the U.s.a. government was Loftier Commissioner McNutt, now destined to be the starting time US Ambassador to the Democracy of the Philippines. From the United States were Senator Tydings, Representative Bell, Usa Postmaster Full general Robert E. Hannegan, former Governor Full general Francis B. Harrison, and others. Representatives from 27 nations arrived, among them the French WWI hero Lt. Gen. Zinovi Peckoff (at that time serving with the Supreme Commander for the Centrolineal Powers in Tokyo) and Lt. Gen. Sook Chatinakrob, Thailand'southward Main of Staff. In Manila Bay were Australian, Portuguese and Thai warships.
All these activities were taking place as the Common cold State of war began: the U.s.a. tested an atomic bomb in Bikini Atoll on July ane. Communist-linked movements were first to threaten the mail service-war order.
On July iii, the Philippine Congress accepted the Bell Merchandise Act and authorized President Roxas to sign an executive agreement with the US laying the groundwork for formal negotiations and common recognition. That aforementioned day, Roxas and McNutt visited the commander of Task Force 77 on his flagship; after they recorded letters to be circulate nationwide and to the United States. McNutt hosted a reception at his official residence and capped the 24-hour interval with a formal dinner in laurels of Roxas at the Manila Hotel.
Th, July 4 1946, was a cloudy, sunless twenty-four hours. Information technology was the rainy season in the Philippines, only this did not dampen the excitement building upward towards the Philippine independence ceremony. Religious services were held in the diverse churches of Manila and provincial capitals, cities, and towns. Guests began arriving at the venue shortly before seven:00 in the morning. Dignitaries arrived from 7:20; the crowd craned their necks to get a glimpse of Gen. MacArthur. A bugle sounded, and the audience rose to welcome President Roxas and his wife at 7:55. He was followed past Vice President Elpidio Quirino and finally High Commissioner McNutt, accompanied by their respective wives.
With McNutt serving every bit emcee, the program began at precisely 8:00 am. The Rt. Rev. Robert F. Wilmer, ranking Protestant in the Philippines, gave the invocation. McNutt then introduced the speakers; in that location were wild thanks for Senator Tydings and Gen. MacArthur. Tydings reviewed the events which led to this day, and then wished the new republic "Godspeed." MacArthur reviewed the "special relationship" between the Philippines and the U.s.a..
The highlight of the program was McNutt's reading of President Truman's Proclamation of Independence. Equally he began speaking, a heavy downpour drenched the audience, but they braved the rain. The downpour lifted in time for McNutt to read the announcement, which first laid out the legal footing for the Usa' acquisition of the Philippines, the United States' desire to grant the Philippines independence, and the provisions of the Tydings McDuffie Act. Truman, every bit president of the United States, then withdrew all "rights of possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control or sovereignty" exercised by the Us over the territory and people of the Philippines, and recognized the independence of the Philippines.
McNutt ended with his own words:
At 9:xv am, the US Army band played the US National Anthem every bit McNutt began lowering the American flag. President Roxas, pulling on the same cord, began raising the Philippine flag, to the accompaniment of the Philippine National Canticle, played by the Philippine Army Band.
As the Us and Philippine flags passed each other, they touched—"as if in a concluding caress, a last kiss," wrote one witness. As the Philippine flag fluttered from the top of the flagpole, U.s.a., Australian, Portuguese, and Thai warships in the bay fired a 21-gun salute. Church bells throughout the Philippines rang and a whistle appear that the Philippines was now contained.
Vice President Quirino then took his oath, followed by President Roxas. These were administered by Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran of the Philippine Supreme Court. Roxas proceeded with his countdown address: "Every bit we are masters of our ain destiny, so too must we deport all the consequences of our actions," he announced. The Philippines was no longer protected by the curtain of American sovereignty and thus "we must find our own way… [but in the diminutive age] we cannot retreat within ourselves… On all fronts the doctrine of absolute sovereignty is yielding basis… But we have yet a greater bulwark today… the friendship and devotion of America… Our safest form is in the glistening wake of America whose certain advance with mighty prow breaks for smaller craft the waves of fear."
The future direction of the Philippines under President Roxas was thus charted, and to highlight this orientation he and McNutt signed an agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations and an interim trade agreement. Roxas now signed as president of the Democracy of the Philippines, and McNutt every bit first Usa ambassador.
A chorus of one yard voices—higher students all—then sang the Philippine Independence Hymn. This had been the winner of the independence hymn contest composed by acclaimed composer Restie Umali. The official program ended with a endmost Invocation past Nigh Reverend Gabriel Reyes, Filipino archbishop of Cebu.
As the plan ended, a bugle call sounded at 11:00 am to point the starting time of the civic-military machine parade. Units from the Philippine and United states of america war machine marched in splendor, followed by Filipino veterans of the 1890s revolution and WWII guerrilla members. As the aged revolutionary war veterans marched by the grandstand, U.s. bombers and fighters flew overhead, spelling get-go a V for Victory, and and so the letters P and R, representing the Philippine Democracy.
The war machine contingents were followed by several floats from different government offices and schools. Of note was that of the Full general Auditing Part, represented by a bulldog watching over a safe. The last float independent figures of Filipinas (representing the Philippines) and Miss Columbia, representing liberty.
By noon the ceremony was over, and the dignitaries and audience retired. The day was non yet over, notwithstanding. At 4:thirty pm a tree symbolizing Philippine independence was planted in front of the Manila City Hall. At 7:00 pm President Roxas hosted a formal dinner, reception, and ball at the presidential palace. The historic day was capped by a k fireworks display at the Sunken Gardens just outside the old Walled City of Intramuros, as US Navy ships put upwards a searchlight display and pyrotechnics show in Manila Bay.
Celebrations continued for ii more days: in the afternoon of July v, a Philippine sports exhibition was held at the University of Santo Tomas Gymnasium. That evening, a Gala Symphony Concert by the Manila Symphony Orchestra, was held at the Rizal Coliseum. The final commemoration of the momentous calendar week was a Barrio Fiesta—a dinner feast—in the evening of July 6 at the Manila Hotel.
1946 to Present Day
It was a fourth dimension of cracking rejoicing. But as the new era dawned, there were numerous sticking points—the Usa bases, the Bell Trade Act, Philippine war damage claims, and discriminatory treatment of Filipino WWII veterans. The Military Bases Agreement was to last for 99 years, during which catamenia there was no articulate cut guarantee that these bases would protect the Philippines. The bases agreement was shortened in 1966, and finally lapsed in 1991. The Bong Merchandise Human activity extended complimentary trade and required the granting of parity rights to American nationals, which in turn required alteration the 1935 Constitution, which had reserved numerous rights to merely Filipino citizens. Gratis trade, with quota limitations, would continue on until 1954, after which gradual tariffs would be practical for a period of xx years, ending in 1974. Parity rights were granted American citizens after stormy debates which almost cost President Roxas his life. The Bell Trade Deed also tied the peso to the U.s.a. dollar until 1955.
July four, 1946 thus saw the birth of the Philippine Republic, simply with lots of unfinished business. And this amidst the backdrop of the developing Cold State of war, a civil state of war, and deep rooted problems.
The independence that was gained (restored, according to some pundits, referring to the 1898 declaration) was questioned—was information technology a existent, total independence? In addition, Philippine Independence Mean solar day celebrations coincided with United states Independence Day, resulting in some confusion in the Philippines and abroad. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal moved Philippine Independence Day to June 12, commemorating the 1898 Filipino declaration. Aguinaldo was then withal alive and was happy to see the change. July iv had been an afterthought, opined some, with June 12 the existent Filipino human action.
July iv became Commonwealth Solar day, still a national holiday, in 1964. During the menstruation of Martial Law under President Ferdinand Marcos, July 4 was changed to Philippine-American Friendship Day, and relegated to a working holiday. President Corazon Aquino did away with Philippine-American Friendship 24-hour interval altogether, but President Fidel Five. Ramos restored information technology on the occasion of the 50th anniversary.
The effect 75 years ago was much welcomed at the time and did run across the end of formal aspects of colonial dominion. There was no longer direct The states oversight, no more American High Commissioner, the Philippine flag flew alone (except in the United states of america bases) and the Philippine National Canticle was played solitary. But critics argued that it ushered in a neo-colonial relationship. Some trumpeted the Philippine-American relationship as a "special human relationship," but information technology did not seem so to others.
July 4, 1946 was overshadowed past the events of Earth State of war II. Commemorations of the 75th anniversary of central WWII events were many and well publicized, but were suddenly stymied by the Covid-nineteen pandemic. The 1946 independence ceremonies have also been overtaken past rites commemorating the 500th anniversary of Magellan's arrival—and the bringing in of Christianity to the Philippines, which was given total support by the Philippine Authorities and the Spanish regime. Given the importance of July iv, 1946, even so, it is sad to see the 24-hour interval non recognized for what information technology was.
See the Author
Ricardo Trota Jose is professor of history at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. He obtained his available's and primary's degrees in history at U.P., and his PhD from the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He specializes in armed forces and diplomatic history, with focus on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Jose has published widely in various journals and books. Amongst his major publications are The Philippine Ground forces, 1935-1942 (Ateneo de Manila Academy Press, 1992) and Volume 7 (on the Japanese occupation of the Philippines) of the multi-volume Kasaysayan set (Reader's Assimilate, 1998). He was awarded the Metrobank Foundation Outstanding Filipino in teaching in 2019.
This article is role of a series commemorating the 75th ceremony of the end of World War II made possible by the Department of Defense.
Source: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence
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